Tuesday, November 24, 2009

Special kind of endurance + 1st working day

It's always very hard for me to endure the unreasonableness of a person's conduct, whether or not it's shown publicly or privately. At least my expression on face is able to tell the whole story about what has been going on. But today I manage to pull myself through this kinda thing. Bravo for me, though I still have to redo it more in coming days. LoL. I prefer to label it as the element of 'tolerance' in a relationship.

I simply can't get angry with you, oh gosh.

By the way, learn a damn funky word today: 'Dick' in UK means 'Dorm' over here. Haha, it's bloody funny man.

My first day in IGB was pretty good, coz I really get a superbly nice boss. Pick up a lot of stuff from him today, and looking forward to learn more from him for coming few weeks.

Benny rules:
1) When employer asks you to do something today, it's in fact his request since yesterday. So better don't reply him with a 'tomorrow'.
2) Never find an answer from your boss. Check it out yourself.


Saturday, November 21, 2009

My heart is aching again....

What's wrong with me? What's wrong with me? Am I a lost soul living within my very own world?

This is the 2nd time that I can barely breathe in the air after talking to you on phone. Last time I didn't cry. This time I don't cry too, but i sob. Silently.

My heart is bleeding. People always say, if you wana experience love, you gonna love your special one whole-heartedly. Love without pain is not true love, that's what they say.

I always tell you how I feel, what I feel. When you wana know it, I always let you know. I devote my whole heart to you. But when I wana know what is on your mind, seemingly there is a Berlin wall that blocks my entrance into your heart.

Nevertheless, Berlin wall broke down at the end, and German is one again. I may not be Gorbachev, but I believe I can break down the Berlin wall in your heart, and make our hearts connected to each other stronger than ever.

Because I believe in our love.

Monday, November 16, 2009

Evolution of American legal education (originated from a Chinese PhD student)



低头看路仰望星空
美国法律教育漫谈
美国首位法学教授乔治·威勒
兰德尔(Langdell)首创视法律为科学的案例教学法
兰荣杰
  1779年,弗吉尼亚小镇威廉姆斯堡,美国第一所法学院在威廉玛丽大学创立。学院创始人———独立宣言起草者、美国第三任总统———杰弗逊郑重宣称,学院之宗旨是培养公民律师”(citizenlawyer),其不仅应是娴熟的法律匠人,更应是体面的公民以及社区、民族乃至国家之领袖。该目标虽不免理想色彩,但至今仍被不少顶尖法学院所追随———至少在口头上如此。
  法律实务被视为一种手艺
  作为英国殖民地,早期北美法律教育受到牛津、剑桥等传统英国大学的深刻影响,较为偏重法学理论乃至哲学思辨。圣经及西塞罗、亚里斯多德、斯密、孟德斯鸠、格老秀斯等人的著作成为主要教学内容。
  博雅教育的色彩长期重于职业教育。甚至一直到20世纪初期,斯坦福、耶鲁等法学院都还把语言、数学、经济等文化课程作为法学院必修课。法律实务被视为一种手艺,主要通过学徒制(apprentice-ship)———而非法学院———传授。成为执业律师的必要条件,并不包括法学院文凭,反而是长达数年的学徒经历。
  在殖民地时期及至建国之初,美国法律教育之目的,似乎不在于培养律师,而在于培养政治精英。由于缺乏一个依靠爵位、土地或军功而形成的传统上流阶层,美国社会的阶级划分依赖于职业的区别,尤其是职业所包含的文化程度和荣誉感差别。
  对于彼时的白人男性而言,法律职业正是一种既能赢得广泛尊敬、又能超越一般人之上的最佳工具。游历美国的法国人托克维尔曾不无艳羡地说道:假如有人问我美国的贵族在何处,我将毫不迟疑地回答……美国的贵族是从事律师职业和坐在法官席位上的那些人……由于法学家是人民信赖的惟一知识阶级,所以大部分公职自然都被他们占去。
  从博雅教育转向职业教育
  然而随着工商经济尤其是两次工业革命的迅猛发展,律师行业愈发趋于商业化、职业化。庞大的市场需求使得传统的学徒制供不应求。法学院标准化、大规模的律师生产模式逐渐成为主流。
  尤其是在兰德尔(Langdell)1870年执掌哈佛法学院长一职后,首创视法律为科学的案例教学法,并和苏格拉底式教学法组合运用,因其成本低廉、效果突出,迅速风靡全美法学院。法律教育自此从博雅教育转向职业教育,整体风格和内容基本成型,并一直延续至今。
  法学院成为一种职业学院,学术逐渐沦为针对少数人的兴奋。不管学术领袖们承认与否,很多法学院———也许是大多数法学院———真正关心的是其毕业生在律师资格考试中的表现。
  案例教学法缺陷重重
  然而兰德尔教学法并不完全契合法律市场的要求。一个明显的缺陷在于:案例教学法认为,掌握法律知识的最佳方法,不在于亲历法律实践,而在于研究包含法律原则的先例;最适合教授法律的老师,不一定要有运用法律的经验,只需要有学习法律的经验并熟悉该求知过程。
  显然,这种模式培养出来的法律学生,即便是最优秀者,也不能即时胜任律师工作。实务界对此颇有怨言。
  1992年,美国律师协会(ABA)发布《麦克格雷特报告》(MacCrateRe-port),批评法学院理论为本的痼疾,倡导实施实践为本改革,建议强制要求学生参加实习或公益性实践课程,同时鼓励各州律考委员会改变考试内容,纳入更多实践技能,以确保考试通过者有能力即时参与律师实务。麦氏报告成为此后全美绝大多数法学院改革的模板。
  案例教学的另一缺陷,在于固守成文之先例,潜心于图书馆的故纸堆中,与当下的现实社会相互隔阂。然而青年法律学子往往心忧天下,满腔热血,希望积极参与社会变革。
  尤其是在二战之后,美国民权运动风起云涌,作为生力军的大学生们热切希望以一己之力,为社会进步略尽绵薄。在此背景下,以法律援助为内容的诊所课程迅速发展起来,在培养学生动手能力的同时,为社会尤其是弱者提供多方面的法律服务,可谓教学效果和社会效果双赢。正是因此,尽管面临师资、财政等诸多限制,诊所教育还是迅速普及全美,并大有与案例教学分庭抗礼之势。
  不过兰德尔模式的最大弊端,可能在于过度强化律师职业的商业化、技术化倾向。一方面是市场经济无形的手,另一方面是法学院刻意的训练,导致律师愈发变成专业技术人员,律所也变成一种现代企业,对技巧和输赢的关心远远超越社会福祉。名校毕业生的首选,多半都是华尔街报酬丰厚的大型律所,投身公益者可谓寥寥无几。
  呼唤培养有担当的律师
  律师越发富裕,但是职业荣誉感却随之衰落。大法官斯通因此感叹道,商业主义使过去被认为有学问的职业,沦落为商业的奴隶。昔日的法律贵族走下神坛,律师政治家成为一种梦想,现实中更多呈现的是雇佣枪手。个别成功擢取国家公器之律师,如尼克松及其幕僚,甚至曝出德行上的极大丑闻。
  面对法律职业理想的衰落,法律教育界也在反思法学院的授课内容和模式。其中最具影响力的呼声,来自诊所法律教育协会(CLEA)历时6年而完成的《法律教育的最佳方案》。
  这一报告重申麦氏报告倡导的实践为本改革,建议减少使用案例教学和苏格拉底方法,重视职业伦理的培养,将知识、技能和价值观学习
  有机融合,而非作为相互独立的教学内容。简而言之,最佳的法律教育,应当培养既有能力(competent)、又有担当(responsible)的律师。这一目标,大概可算早期精英教育与商业化职业教育之间的妥协。
  纵观美国法律教育的数百年历史,一条社会与学校之间的互动脉络清晰可见。特定的历史背景对法律人的角色提出特定的期待,这一期待则需要由法学院的教育过程来实现。
  法律教育的功能,终归在于为社会培养时代所需的人才。然而这一需求/供给过程并非一帆风顺,市场竞争和人的逐利本性,均可能导致法律教育是取法其上,得乎其中。社会的期待与现实的法律人之间总有相当的距离。这就需要在法律教育者当中,不仅要有面向市场低头看路的人,还要有不时仰望星空的人,这才不至于在纷繁的现实中迷失前进的方向。这一结论,可能也适用于中国。
  (作者兰荣杰系美国天普大学法学院的在读博士研究生)
文章出处:http://www.legaldaily.com.cn/zmbm/2009-10/29/content_1173739.htm

Sunday, November 15, 2009

Lost? Lust? Love? Life? Law?

"Lost"
It's quite often not up to us to decide our private aspects in life. Best example: Friends. It depends not just on which point of curve you're standing on, but also people's interpretation of your behaviour. Your behaviour determines your image, and someday in future you might be entangled in troubles due to your tarnished image in "someone's" eyes. Is the self-claimed righteous person correct? Not necessary. But one thing is sure: when a self-claimed righteous person turns out to be a backstabber, he is an evil guy. The best way to deal with this kind of people: Seem to be lost, yet never get lost. Bonus: Be forgiving to them.

"Lust"
Prima facie it is an evil word. But it can work well if you manage it appropriately. Bear it in mind: it can be a motivation, but never, ever, a motive of your action.

"Love"
It's about an inherent matching between the special one and you. The magic within it is powerful in life as well: the only constant is change itself. Keep it fresh every day. If you're unable to do that, refresh it at least once a week. Try to make the feel fresh, but not to refresh your partner, because working the reversed way gonna make it being labelled as 'lust', instead of 'love'.

"Life"
Love your life, live your love. In whatever sense.

"Law"
Even a law professor can't explain it well, not to mention I? The justification for its vagueness is probably its nature of unlimited expansion to every facet of a man's life. It's its vagueness that makes it so intimidating to laymen, and so manipulative to persons in authority (whether it's manipulated in a good or bad way is not the crutch here). It's its vagueness that confuses law students and lawyers, yet the exact same thing ignites my passion for it.